Mail sent by Narayan Murthy to all Infosys staff

It’s half past 8 in the office but the lights are still on…
PCs still running, coffee machines still buzzing…
And who’s at work? Most of them ??? Take a closer look…

All or most specimens are ??
Something male species of the human race…

Look closer… again all or most of them are bachelors…

And why are they sitting late? Working hard? No way!!!
Any guesses???
Let’s ask one of them…
Here’s what he says… ‘What’s there 2 do after going home…Here we get to surf, AC, phone, food, coffee that is why I am working late…Importantly no bossssssss!!!!!!!!!!!’

This is the scene in most research centers and software companies and other off-shore offices.

Bachelors ‘Time-passing’ during late hours in the office just bcoz they say they’ve nothing else to do…
Now what r the consequences…

‘Working’ (for the record only) late hours soon becomes part of the institute or company culture.

With bosses more than eager to provide support to those ‘working’ late in the form of taxi vouchers, food vouchers and of course good feedback, (oh, he’s a hard worker… goes home only to change..!!).
They aren’t helping things too…

To hell with bosses who don’t understand the difference between ’sitting’ late and ‘working’ late!!!

Very soon, the boss start expecting all employees to put in extra working hours.

So, My dear Bachelors let me tell you, life changes when u get married and start having a family… office is no longer a priority, family is… and
That’s when the problem starts… b’coz u start having commitments at home too.

For your boss, the earlier ‘hardworking’ guy suddenly seems to become a ‘early leaver’ even if u leave an hour after regular time… after doing the same amount of work.

People leaving on time after doing their tasks for the day are labelled as work-shirkers…

Girls who thankfully always (its changing nowadays… though) leave on time are labelled as ‘not up to it’. All the while, the bachelors pat their own backs and carry on ‘working’ not realizing that they r spoiling the work culture at their own place and never realize that they would have to regret at one point of time.

So what’s the moral of the story??
* Very clear, LEAVE ON TIME!!!
* Never put in extra time ‘ unless really needed ‘
* Don’t stay back unnecessarily and spoil your company work culture which will in turn cause inconvenience to you and your colleagues.

There are hundred other things to do in the evening..

Learn music…

Learn a foreign language…

Try a sport… TT, cricket………

Importantly,get a girl friend or boy friend, take him/her around town…

* And for heaven’s sake, net cafe rates have dropped to an all-time low (plus, no fire-walls) and try cooking for a change.

Take a tip from the Smirnoff ad: *’Life’s calling, where are you??’*

Please pass on this message to all those colleagues and please do it before leaving time, don’t stay back till midnight to forward this!!!

IT’S A TYPICAL INDIAN MENTALITY THAT WORKING FOR LONG HOURS MEANS VERY HARD WORKING & 100% COMMITMENT ETC.

PEOPLE WHO REGULARLY SIT LATE IN THE OFFICE DON’T KNOW TO MANAGE THEIR TIME. SIMPLE !

Regards,
NARAYAN MURTHY.

Matt Cutts on Google datacenters

Matt Cutts answers Google questions: – Can you tell us a little bit about Google datacenters? Should all datacenters on the same Class C block be roughly the same?

History of Indian Coins

Indian Coins

India won its independence on 15^th August, 1947. During the period of transition India retained the monetary system and the currency and coinage of the earlier period. While Pakistan introduced a new series of coins in 1948 and notes in 1949, India brought out its distinctive coins on 15^th August, 1950.

Chronologically, the main considerations influencing the coinage policy of Republic India over time have been:

• The incorporation of symbols of sovereignty and indigenous motifs on independence;
• Coinage Reforms with the introduction of the metric system;
• The need felt from time to time to obviate the possibility of the metallic value of coins rising beyond the face value;
• The cost-benefit of coinisation of currency notes

Independent India Issues could broadly be categorised as

The Frozen Series 1947-1950

This represented the currency arrangements during the transition period upto the establishment of the Indian Republic. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 192 pies.

1 Rupee = 16 Annas

1 Anna = 4 Pice

1 Pice = 3 Pies

The Anna Series

This series was introduced on 15^th August, 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic India. The King’s Portrait was replaced by the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. In some ways this symbolized a shift in focus to progress and prosperity. Indian motifs were incorporated on other coins. The monetary system was largely retained unchanged with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas.

Enomination	Metal	Obverse	Reverse
Rupee One	Nickel
Half Rupee	Nickel
Quarter Rupee	Nickel
Two Anna	Cupro-Nickel
One Anna	Cupro-Nickel
Half Anna	Cupro-Nickel
One Pice	Bronze

The Decimal Series

The move towards decimalisation was afoot for over a century. However, it was in September, 1955 that the Indian Coinage Act was amended for the country to adopt a metric system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1^st April, 1957. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 ‘Paisa’ instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. For public recognition, the new decimal Paisa was termed ‘Naya Paisa’ till 1^st June, 1964 when the term ‘Naya’ was dropped.

Naya Paisa Series 1957-1964

Enomination	Metal Weight Shape Size	Coin
Rupee One	Nickel 10 gms Circular 28 mm
Fifty Naye Paise	Nickel 5 gms Circular 24 mm
Twenty Five Naye Paise	Nickel 2.5 gms Circular 19 mm
Ten Naye Paise	Cupro-Nickel 5 gms Eight Scalloped 23 mm (across scallops)
Five Naye Paise	Cupro-Nickel 4 gms Square 22 mm (across corners)
Two Naye Paise	Cupro-Nickel 3 gms Eight Scalloped 18 mm (across scallops)
One Naya Paisa	Bronze 1.5 gms Circular 16 mm

With commodity prices rising in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and Aluminium-Bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity.

Aluminium Series 1964 onwards

Enomination	Metal Weight Shape Size	Coin
One Paisa	Aluminium-Magnesium 0.75 gms Square 17 mm (Daigonal)
Two Paise	Aluminium-Magnesium 1 gm Scalloped 20 mm (across scallops)
Three Paise	Aluminium-Magnesium 1.25 gms Hexagonal 21 mm (Diagonal)
Five Paise	Aluminium-Magnesium 1.5 gms Square 22 mm (Diagonal)
Ten Paise	Aluminium-Magnesium 2.3 gms Scalloped 26 mm (across scallops)
Twenty Paise	Aluminium-Magnesium 2.2 gms Hexagonal 26 mm (diagonal) 24.5 mm (across flats)

Over a period of time, cost benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the seventies; Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.

Contemporary Coins

Enomination	Metal	Weight	Diameter	Shape
	Cupro-Nickel	9.00 gms	23 mm	Circular
	Cupro-Nickel	6.00 gms	26 mm	Eleven Sided
	Ferratic Stainless Steel	4.85 gms	25 mm	Circular
	Ferratic Stainless Steel	3.79 gms	22 mm	Circular
	Ferratic Stainless Steel	2.83 gms	19 mm	Circular
	Ferratic Stainless Steel	2.00 gms	16 mm	Circular

How Search engines find Duplicate pages

 

Although there is no such thing as a general duplicate content penalty it is difficult to get high rankings for a web page which contents can also be found on other web pages.

If you want to avoid problems with duplicate content, the following tips and illustrations will help you.

What is duplicate content and what do search engines do about it?

• Duplicate content is if two or more different web pages contain the same or nearly the same content.
• Duplicate content can occur within a single website and across many different websites.
• Web pages can be considered duplicate even if they are not 100% identical.
• Search engines want to list only one version of duplicate content on their search result pages.

Search engines want to return as many different options as possible in their result lists. That’s why they filter all duplicates in the search results and display only one version.

How do search engines determine which web page will be used for the search results?

1. When search engines find a web page, they compare it to previously found web pages to determine whether it is a duplicate or not:                                                                                                          
   

    

    

2. Web pages that are hosted by known spam sites will be removed from the list:        

3. The remaining web pages will be sorted based on the number and the quality of their inbound links:                                                                                                                                                                        

4. The web page with the best inbound links will be chosen for the search results:        

    

    How to avoid duplicate content on your on websites

1. Hide duplicate content from search enginesIf you offer different versions of your website content (regular view, mobile view, print view, etc.) then search engines might pick the wrong variation for the search results.Add a noindex meta tag to your duplicate content versions so that search engines don’t index the duplicate content.      

2. Require backlinks if you syndicate your web page contentIf you syndicate your content to third parties, search engines might favor the version published by one of your partners.Require a back link from your partners to the original document on your own website so that search engines can find out from which web page the content comes.      

    

    

    

    

    

     

   Duplicate content can cause problems with your search engine rankings. If you follow the tips above, search engine spiders should index your web pages correctly.

    

   Note: Even I had copied this article from  IBP newsletter. 

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

     

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

 

 

About Search engine spiders and their list

What is a Search engine Spider ?

A spider is a software program that travels the Web (hence the name “spider”), locating and indexing websites for search engines. All the major search engines, such as Google and Yahoo!, use spiders to build and update their indexes. These programs constantly browse the Web, traveling from one hyperlink to another.

For example, when a spider visits a website’s home page, there may be 30 links on the page. The spider will follow each of the links, adding all the pages it finds to the search engine’s index. Of course, the new pages that the spider finds may also have links, which the spider continues to follow. Some of these links may point to pages within the same website (internal links), while others may lead to different sites (external links). The external links will cause the spider to jump to new sites, indexing even more pages.

Because of the interwoven nature of website links, spiders often return to websites that have already been indexed. This allows search engines to keep track of how many external pages link to each page. Usually, the more incoming links a page has, the higher it will be ranked in search engine results. Spiders not only find new pages and keep track of links, they also track changes to each page, helping search engine indexes stay up to date.

Search engine Spiders

Googlebot

Googlebot is the name of the search engine spider for Google. Googlebot will visit sites which have been submitted to the index every once in a while to update its index.

Googlebot obeys the contents of your Robots.Txt file as well as the Robots Metatag. Google has also created a special version of the robots metatag to control indexing of just Googlebot. Like most search engine spiders, Googlebot follows HREF tags. It also follows SRC tags.

Yahoo! Slurp (Slurp)

Yahoo! Slurp (Slurp) is a web crawler from Yahoo! group. It crawls the web and puts content into the Yahoo! Search engine. Slurp is based on Inktomi’s web search technology – Inktomi was acquired by Yahoo! in late 2002.

Slurp obeys the contents of your Robots.Txt file as well as the Robots Metatag. Like most search engine spiders, Slurp follows HREF tags. It does not follow SRC tags.

In general, Slurp will not index documents which are dynamically created. They recommend that you create static copies of dynamic pages so that Slurp will index them.

Slurp will reindex a site once every three to four weeks.

Scooter

Scooter is the spider for AltaVista. What this spider does is scan websites all day long, looking for things to add to the AltaVista index. Thousands of threads are sent out simultaneously all day, each and every day, to all of the corners of the World Wide Web.

This spider spends it’s time scanning web pages for hyperlinks and text to add to the index. Each page is torn apart and a specific algorithm is applied to determine how (and if) all of the information is to be added to the monstrous index.

Scooter visits pages which are submitted to AltaVista via the “Add URL” link. In addition, it revisits old pages to determine if there were any changes which need to be updated into the index. Pages which no longer exist are deleted if they continue to get errors on several visits (this implies that 404 errors will always exist as they are not deleted right away). And of course, new links that are found are investigated by Scooter – sometimes.

Here are some other search engine spiders

Search Engine Spider Names

Spider Name	Search Engine	Status
AbachoBOT	Abacho	-
Acoon	Acoon	-
AESOP_com_SpiderMan	Aesop	-
ah-ha.com crawler	Ah-ha	-
appie	Walhello	-
Arachnoidea	Euroseek	active
ArchitextSpider	Excite	inactive
Atomz	Atomz	-
DeepIndex	DeepIndex (www.en.deepindex.com)	-
ESISmartSpider	Ttravel Finder	-
EZResult	EZResults	-
FAST-WebCrawler	AlltheWeb	active
Fido	PlanetSearch	-
Fluffy the spider	SearchHippo	active
Googlebot	Google	active
Gigabot	Gigablast	active
Gulliver	Northernlight	inactive
Gulper	Yuntis	active
HenryTheMiragoRobot	Mirago	-
ia_archiver	Alexa	active
KIT-Fireball/2.0	Fireball (German SE at www.fireball.de)	-
LNSpiderguy	Lexis-Nexis	-
Lycos_Spider_(T-Rex)	Lycos	inactive
MantraAgent	LookSmart	active
MSN	Microsoft Prototype Crawler Added 5.2003 by Dale Shad of www.118group.com	active
NationalDirectory-SuperSpider	National Directory	-
Nazilla	Websmostlinked	-
Openbot	Openfind	-
Openfind piranha,Shark	Openfind	-
Scooter	AltaVista	active
Scrubby	Scrub The Web	active
Slurp.so/1.0 Slurp/2.0j Slurp/2.0 Slurp/3.0	Inktomi	active
Tarantula	AltaVista	inactive
Teoma_agent1	Teoma	active
UK Searcher Spider	UKSearcher	-
WebCrawler	WebCrawler	-
Winona	WhatUSeek Added 3.2003 by Dale Shad of www.118group.com	active
ZyBorg	Wisenut	active

Submit your site to major Search engines

Submit your site to major Search engines

When you submit your website to a search engine, it reads your site meta tags, looks their relationship with the contents, indexes you website and assigns a rank to your site according to the algorithm it follows. Here, you should understand that by submitting your site to a search engine does not mean that you will start getting high traffics just after its submission. This simply means that now the search engine knows about your site and its pages and would place you in its SERP (Search Engine Result Pages) according to your rank in its index.

Here are site submission URLs and little info about their strategies.

Google

http://www.google.com/addurl/?continue=/addurl
They ask you to submit your top level page and have pretty easy to understand instructions for submission. Google updates its index normally once a month.

Yahoo

http://submit.search.yahoo.com/
They have two options free and paid. Free listing takes about 30 to 45 days. However paid listing assures a quick listing of your site.

MSN

http://search.msn.com/docs/submit.aspx
MSN in routine picks new websites having good inbound links. So if you have good inbound links, your site will be picked for listing in MSN even if you don’t submit your site to them.

AOL

You can not submit to AOL directly but if your site is indexed by Google, AOL will most likely include your site in its index too.

I love U in all major languages

LANGUAGE	TRANSLATION
AFRIKAANS	ek het jou lief / ek is lief vir jou
ALBANIAN	të dua
ALSATIAN	ich hab die lieb
Dialectal ARABIC (North African)	n’bghick
Dialectal ARABIC (Eastern)	bahebbak (to a man) / bahebbik (to a woman)
Literary ARABIC	أُحِبُّكَ (ouhibbouka) – to a man أُحِبُّكِ (ouhibbouki) – to a woman
ARMENIAN	yes kez siroumem
ASTURIAN	quiérote
ATTIÉ	min bou la yé
AZERI	men seni sevirem
BAMBARA	né bi fè
BASQUE	maite zaitut
BAOULE	mi klôa
BELARUSIAN	Кахаю цябе (kahaju ciabie)
BENGALI	aami tomakey bhalo bashi
BERBER	righ kem
BOBO	ma kia bé nà
BOSNIAN	volim te
BRETON	karout a ran ac’hanout / da garout a ran / me az kar
BULGARIAN	обичам те
BURMESE	nga nin ko chit te
BUSHI-NENGÉ TONGO	mi lobi you
CATALAN	t’estimo
CHAMORRO	hu guiya hao
CHECHEN	sun ho ez (to a woman) sun ho vez (to a man)
CHEYENNE	ne’mehotatse
CHINESE (MANDARIN)	我爱你 (wo ai ni)
CORSICAN	amu tè / ti tengu caru
CROATIAN	volim te
CZECH	miluji tě
DANISH	jeg elsker dig
DARI	man tu ra dost darom
DIOULA	mi fê
DOUALA	na tondi wa
DUTCH	ik hou van jou
ESPERANTO	mi amas vin
ESTONIAN	ma armastan sind
EWONDO	ma ding wa
FAROESE	eg elski teg
FINNISH	minä rakastan sinua
FLEMISH (WESTERN)	‘k zien je geeren
FRENCH	je t’aime
FRISIAN	ik hâld fan dy
FRIULAN	o ti vuei ben
FULANI	mi yidi ma
GALICIAN	amo-te / ámote / quero-te / quérote
GBAYA	mi ko me
GEORGIAN	me shen mikvarkhar
GERMAN	ich liebe Dich
GREEK	s’agapo
GUARANÍ	rojhayhû
GUJARATI	hun tane prem karun chhun
HAITIAN CREOLE	mwen renmen’w / mouin rinmin’w
HAUSA	ina sonki (man to woman) ina sonka (woman to man)
HAWAIAN	aloha wau iā ‘oe
HEBREW	ani ohev otakh (man to woman) ani ohevet otkha (woman to man)
HINDI	main tumse pyar karta hoo (man to woman> mai tumse pyar karathi hun (woman to man)
HMONG	kuv hlub koj
HUNGARIAN	szeretlek
ICELANDIC	ég elska þig
INDONESIAN	saya cinta padamu / saya cinta kamu
IRISH GAELIC	tá grá agam duit
ITALIAN	ti amo
JAPANESE	aishitemasu / aishiteru (barely used) anata ga daisuki desu (“cute”)
KABYLIAN	hamlagh-kem (man to woman) hamlaghk (woman to man)
KANNADA	naanu ninnanna pritisutteney
KHMER	bang srolaïgn ôn (man to woman) ôn srolaïgn bang (woman to man)
KINYARWANDA	ndagukunda
KOREAN	saranghe
KURDISH	ez te hez dikim
LAO	khoi hak tchao lai
LATIN	te amo
LATVIAN	es tevi mīlu
LEBANESE	bhebik (man to woman) bhebak (woman to man)
LIGURIAN	mi te amu / t’amo / t’amu
LINGALA	na lingi yo
LITHUANIAN	aš tave myliu
LOW SAXON	ik hou van ju
LUXEMBOURGEOIS	ech hun dech gäer
MACEDONIAN	te sakam
MALAGASY	tiako ianao / tia anao aho (stronger)
MALAY	aku cinta padamu
MALAYALAM	enikku ninné ishtamaanu
MALTESE	inħobbok
MANX	ta graih aym ort
MAORI	kei te aroha au i a koe
MARQUESAN	hinenao au ia oe
MONGOLIAN	Би чамд хайртай (bi chamd khairtai)
MORÉ	mam nong-a fo
MUNUKUTUBA	mu zola ngé
NAPOLETANO	t’ammo
NDEBELE	niya ku tanda
NEPALI	ma timilai prem garchhu
NORWEGIAN	jeg elsker deg
OCCITAN	t’aimi
PAPIAMENTU	mi ta stima bo
PERSIAN	dustat dâram (formal) / duset dâram (informal)
POLISH	kocham cię
PORTUGUESE	amo-te / eu te amo (Brazilian Portuguese)
PUNJABI	mein tenu pyar karda han (male speaker) mein tenu pyar kardi han (female speaker)
QUECHUA de CUZCO	munakuyki
RAPA NUI	hanga rahi au kia koe
ROMANI	kamaù tut
ROMANIAN	te iubesc
RUSSIAN	Я тебя люблю (ia tibia lioubliou)
SAMOAN	ou te alofa ia te oe
SANGO	mbi yé mô
SARDINIAN	deo t’amo (logudorese) / deu t’amu (campidanese)
SCOTTISH GAELIC	tha gaol agam ort / tha gaol agam oirbh
SERBIAN	volim te
SESOTHO	ke ya ho rata
SHIMAORE	ni su hu vendza
SHONA	ndinokuda
SINDHI	moon khay tu saan piyar aahay
SINHALA	mama oyata aadareyi (spoken) / mama obata aadareyi (formal)
SIOUX	wastewalake
SLOVAK	ľúbim ťa / milujem ťa
SLOVENIAN	ljubim te / rad te imam (male speaker) / rada te imam (female speaker)
SOBOTA	volim te / se te volime (lit.)
SOMALI	waan ku jecelahay
SONINKÉ	na moula
SPANISH	te amo / te quiero
SUSU	ira fan ma
SWAHILI	nakupenda
SWEDISH	jag älskar dig
TAGALOG	mahal kita
TAHITIAN	ua here vau ia oe
TAJIKI	jigarata bihrum duhtari hola (man to woman) tra lav dorum (woman to man)
TAMIL	naan unnai kaadhalikkarn
TATAR	min sine yaratam
TELUGU	nenu ninnu premisthunnanu
TETUN	hau hadomi o
THAI	ผมรักคุณ (phom rak khun) – man speaking ฉันรักคุณ (chan rak khun) – woman speaking
TIBETAN	na kirinla gaguidou
TURKISH	seni seviyorum
TURKMEN	seni söýärin
UDMURT	mon tone jaratiśko
UKRAINIAN	Я тебе кохаю (ia tebe kohaiu)
URDU	mein tumse mohabbat karta hoon (man to woman) main tumse mohabbat karti hoon (woman to man) mujhe tum se pyar heh
UZBEK	men seni sevaman / men seni yahshi ko’raman (less formal)
VALENCIAN	te vullk
VENETIAN	t’amo
VIETNAMESE	anh yêu em (man to woman) em yêu anh (woman to man)
WALOON (orthographe à betchfessîs)	dji vs voe voltî
WELSH	rydw i’n dy garu di
WEST INDIAN CREOLE	mwen enmen
WOLOF	nob nala
XHOSA	ndiyakuthanda
YIDDISH	ich hob dir lib
YIPUNU	ni wu rondi
YORUBA	moni ife e
ZULU	ngiyakuthanda

Can U Prove 3=2??

Can U Prove 3=2??                                                            

See this illustration:

-6 = -6

9-15 = 4-10

adding 25/4 to both sides:

9-15+(25/4) = 4-10+(25/4 )

Changing the order

9+(25/4)-15 = 4+(25/4)-10

(this is just like : a square + b square – two a b = (a-b)square. )

Here a = 3, b=5/2 for L.H.S and a =2, b=5/2 for R.H.S.

So it can be expressed as follows:

(3-5/2)(3-5/ 2) = (2-5/2)(2-5/ 2)

Taking positive square root on both sides:

3 – 5/2 = 2 – 5/2

3 = 2

ANY FLAWS??????? ???????

This seems to be an anomaly or whatever u call in mathematics.

It seems, Ramanujam found it but never disclosed it during his life time

and that it has been found from his diary.

That is Ramanujam AN INDIAN…

THE FIRST KASHMIR WAR, 1947-48

It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words and nothing substitutes history or captures the mood of the moment more than pictures and photographs. The Indian Army has fought four wars and faced numerous actions since Independence.

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Major General Kulwant Singh and Brigadier Sen discuss the outcome of their progress in battle, while Colonel Harbakhsh Singh (at right) is in deep thought. During the war, Harbaksh rose from the rank of Colonel and 2-in-C of the Uri Brigade to Brigadier commanding the Tithwal Brigade. He ultimately rose to the rank of Lieutenant General in his Army career and was the GOC of Western Army Command during the 1965 Indo-Pak War. Sen also later rose to the rank of Lieutenant General in his army career and held the appointment of GOC Eastern Army Command, a post he held during the 1962 Indo-China War. -

Colonel Harbakhsh Singh saluting the memorial built to honour the memory of Lieutenant Colonel Dewan Ranjit Rai, MVC at Baramulla in Kashmir. Lt. Col. Rai was among the first Indian Army officers to reach Srinagar early morning on 27 October 1947, when the Pakistani-backed raiders almost captured the capital city of Kashmir. Lt. Col. Rai was subsequently killed during the battle and was awarded a Maha Vir Chakra for his bravery. -

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Colonel Harbakhsh Singh stands in line to greet Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru at Srinagar airport on 09 November 1947. He is the tall officer standing in the middle of the picture. Can you identify the other officers in the picture? -

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Two Generals in Thought: Lieutenant General (later Field Marshal and the first Indian Army Chief) K.M. Cariappa with Lieutenant General (later General and Army Chief) S.M. Srinagesh across Zoji La. Circa November 1948. -

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Lieutenant General K.M. Cariappa, caught in a typical determined mood in his operations room at the Western Army HQ during the Jammu & Kashmir Operations. -

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Keeping the strategic Baramula-Uri road clear of interference, a Diamler armoured vehicle of the Indian Army, on road patrol in the Jammu & Kashmir state, 1948. -

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Prime Minister Nehru visits Srinagar on 10 May 1948. Major General K.S. Thimayya, later General and Chief of Army Staff, is behind at extreme right. -

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Prime Minister Nehru being shown Zoji La by Lieutenant Colonel Sukhdev Singh, CO of 1st Patiala. -

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The Indian Army’s 25 Pounder field guns in action at Handwara, Srinagar in February 1948. -

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Some raiders come out with their hands raised while in the background others lie dead. -

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A band of J&K Militia playing victory tunes through the streets of Srinagar, 1948. -

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Pakistani soldiers killed in their trenches after an assault by Indian troops. -

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A 3.7″ howitzer pounds invading tribal concentrations in Kashmir. -

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Indian Jawans in action in the Tithwal sector. -

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1 Grenadiers on the way to Gurais.

Indian Independence Movement

What a great video about our India? I liked it very much…

A tribute to Indian Independence movement and its heroes.A journey through the time British set foot in India to 1947 when India got it freedom after a long, excruciating battle.